RUSSIAN PEOPLES REPUBLIC BATUMI STAMP BLOCK 100% Original Old Postage
YOU ARE BIDDING ON: Chad 1970 imperforate - CTO- Soccer Game - 2 Stamps Block Condition: Check the Picture, please Seller: StampLake.com Pro
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extra charge. PRODUCT INFO Batumi (Georgia) is the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, located in the south—west of Georgia, on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. Batum in the 1880s Founded on the site of the Greek colony of Bati, in medieval Georgia it was a small fortified city. In the XVII century, Batumi was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, who ceded it to the Russian Empire in 1878. During the Russian rule, Batumi became the main port on the border of Europe and Asia. After the successful occupation by the Turks and the British, at the end of the First World War, Batumi and its region became part of the Georgian Democratic Republic. After the Sovietization of Georgia in 1921, Adjara received the status of an autonomous republic, and Batumi became its capital. Along with Poti, Batumi is an important port of Georgia, as well as an important political and cultural center. Map of Batumi, 1913 Content 1 Early history 2 Medieval Batumi 3 Ottoman control 4 Russian Board 5 During the First World War and the Russian Civil War 6 As part of the USSR 7 Modernity 8 Notes 9 Links Early history It is assumed that Batumi is located on the site of one of the Greek colonies on the coast of Colchis. The ancient Greeks called its surroundings "Batus Limen" or "Batis-Limen" ("deep harbor" — "deep harbor")[1], hence the modern name of the city.[2] Sometimes, Batis is associated with "Portus Altus", probably a Latin interpretation of the Greek place name used in the "Tabula Peutingeriana", a road map of the Roman period.[3] The earliest archaeologically confirmed settlement on the territory of modern Batumi dates back to the VIII—VII centuries BC. It is located along the Korolistskali River and is concentrated on a hill, which is now popularly called the Tamarin Fortress, in honor of the Georgian Queen Tamara (1184-1213). A number of excavated imported goods and fragments of amphorae among them, testify to the Greek influence. During the reign of Hadrian (117-138 AD A Roman fort was located in this area, which was left for the new fortress of Petra, founded by Justinian I (527-565) on the site of the modern city of Tsikhisdziri to the north of Batumi. Medieval Batumi The medieval history of Batumi is unremarkable, the city is practically not mentioned in historical records. Nevertheless, it reappears in Georgian and European reports in the XV century. Venetian diplomats Josaphat Barbaro and Ambrogio Contarini called Batumi Vati or Vachi. Barbaro reports that it is one of the two ports of the Bendian Lord (the other is Sebastopolis, modern Sukhumi), and Contarini describes it as a sea city centered on a fortress. "Bendian" Barbaro, apparently a corruption of "Bediani" is the title of the Dadiani princes who ruled several Megrelian provinces. A curious incident occurred in 1444, when the Burgundian flotilla retreated to the Black Sea after an unsuccessful crusade, where it engaged in piracy along the eastern coast, until the Burgundians under the command of the knight Joffrey de Trosi were ambushed during a raid on Batumi. De Trosi was captured and released through the mediation of John IV the Great. Ottoman control After the division of the Georgian kingdom at the end of the XV century, the city and the district of Batumi were transferred to the Georgian noble family of Gurieli, the princes of Guria. In the reign of Kakheber II Gurieli (1469-1483), the Ottomans occupied, but could not take Batumi. They regained their influence a century later, after a decisive victory over the Georgian rulers at the Battle of Sohoist in 1545. Batumi was conquered, first by Prince Rostom Gurieli in 1564, who lost it again, and then in 1606 by Mamiya II Gurieli. However, the Ottoman naval blockade of the western coast of Georgia forced the Prince to transfer Adjara to the Ottoman Sultan in a treaty dated December 13, 1614. During the Ottoman rule, the city was known as "Batoum" and became the center of the sanjak. With the Turkish conquest, the Islamization of the formerly Christian region began, which ended at the end of the XVIII century. Georgian geographer Tsarevich Vakhushti described Batumi as a city with an amazing citadel, while the French consul Adrien Dupre, who visited this place in 1807, reported a large village of 2,000 inhabitants who lived along the bay and in the nearby forests. There was an active port in Batumi, which also served as the center of the Caucasian slave trade. During the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829), Russian General Dmitry Osten-Saken made an unsuccessful attempt to penetrate into Batumi through the valley of Adjara-Tskali, but only reached Khulo, located to the east. Over the next two decades, the Ottoman government consolidated its authority over the Batumi region by excluding the power of the Himshiashvili, a local family of Muslim Georgian beys.[4] Turkish frigate in the port of Batumi, the beginning of the Crimean War (1854) Turkish troops in Batumi In 1863, the Ottoman government decided to make Batumi the main city of the Lazistan province and began construction of a new city northwest of the existing harbor, and a new fort Burun-Tabya was built on the cape of Batumi. By 1872, the population of the city was about 5,000 people. The city itself was led by the chief administrator, Mutasarrif, who reported directly to the Governor-General (Wali) Trabzon. Batumi had Italian, Russian and Persian consulates, it was a busy shopping center, but it continued to be a typical "Asian" city with scattered houses and dirty streets.[5] Despite the tight control of the Ottoman Empire, Russia's interest in Batumi has not disappeared. In 1876, a Georgian scientist and colonel in the Russian service, Prince Georgy Kazbek, conducted a thorough reconnaissance of the area and compiled the only complete report on the region at that time.Russian Russians [4] During the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), the Ottomans strongly fortified Batum and successfully defended the city from Russian attempts to capture it. However, the final defeat in the war forced Porto to cede Batum and Adjara to Russia among other territories under the San Stefano Peace Treaty. This was confirmed after negotiations by the final act of the Berlin Congress in July 1878. One of his conditions was the receipt, already by the Russian port of Batumi, of the status of "porto-franco".[6] Russian Board On August 25, 1878, the Russian army under the command of General Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky entered Batum, the Ottoman Marshal Dervish Pasha handed over to the general the keys to the city on Azizia Square (currently Freedom Square). Port of Batum, 1881 The city had the status of a free port until 1886. In addition, it functioned as a special military district until it was transferred on June 12, 1883 to the Kutaisi province. Finally, on June 1, 1903, the territory of the former Batumi district together with the territory of the former Artvin district were merged into the Batumi region and came under the administration of the Caucasian Viceroyalty. Batumi officially received the status of a city and the right to elect a city council on April 28, 1888. On January 25, 1895, Prince Luka Asatiani, the former mayor of Kutaisi, was elected mayor of Batumi. He was re-elected in 1898. He was in charge of several modernization projects when he died suddenly in 1902. He was replaced by Prince Ivan Andronikashvili, who remained in this post until 1916, then moving to Tiflis. In 1880, the Russian botanist and geographer Andrey Nikolaevich Krasnov founded the Batumi Botanical Garden, but it was opened to the public only on November 3, 1912. In 1885-1887, the Armenian Church of St. Christ the Savior was built in Batumi. In 1886, by order of the family of a Muslim nobleman of Georgian origin, Aslan-bek Himshiashvili[7], the only functioning mosque was built in Batumi. The expansion of Batum began in 1883, together with the construction of the Batum—Tiflis—Baku railway and the Baku—Batum kerosene pipeline. From that moment on, Batum became Russia's main oil port on the Black Sea. The city grew, and with it the population: 8,671 people in 1882; 12,000 people in 1889; 16,000 people (1,000 of them worked at oil refineries) in 1902[8]. In 1888, in the presence of Emperor Alexander III and members of the imperial family, the laying of the Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky took place. The cathedral operated until 1936, after which it was closed and demolished. In its place, according to the project of architect Shchusev, the Intourist Hotel was built[9]. In July 1897, a men's gymnasium was opened in Batumi[10]. In 1900-1904, according to the project of architect Semyon Lvovich Volkovich, a synagogue was built, which is still operating today. In 1903, a Catholic church was built at the expense of the Zubalashvili brothers[11]. After the revolution, it was closed, and in the 1980s it was transferred to the Georgian Orthodox Church. Now it is the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos. In the early 1900s, Batum became the center of social Democratic agitation, which led to a mass strike at the Rothschild refinery in March 1902. Stalin arrived at the end of 1901, settled in Ali, a Persian tavern and got a job at this factory. January 1 (14), 1902: Stalin delivered a speech to 30 party members: "We shouldn't be afraid of death! The sun is rising, let's sacrifice our lives!"[12] January 4 (17): Stalin set fire to the factory, and the workers who put it out expected to receive a bonus, but were refused. Stalin received newspapers from Tbilisi, which allowed him to raise the strike. February 17 (March 2): the strike participants received a 30% salary increase. February 26 (March 11): 389 radical workers dismissed. Stalin raises the second strike. March 7 (20): the leaders of the strike are arrested. March 8 (21): Stalin leads a demonstration in front of the police building for the release of those previously arrested. Prisoners are being moved to a transit prison. Governor General Smagin agreed to meet with the demonstrators.
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